How to Keep Your Child Safe Amid the 'Tripledemic'

Originally published: Aug. 11, 2022. Updated: March 10, 2023.

Note: Information in this article was accurate at the time of original publication. Because information about COVID-19 changes rapidly, we encourage you to visit the websites of the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and your state and local government for the latest information.

A major concern for parents this past fall was how to protect their kids in what was shaping up to be a “tripledemic”—the chance of flu, COVID-19, and RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) happening at the same time and sending more people to already overstretched hospitals. But in the first weeks of the new year, the situation had changed: While COVID-19 is on the rise, flu (while still circulating) is declining after an early surge. Meanwhile cases of RSV are plummeting.

The last several months are still concerning, however. Kids got sick earlier than usual last fall, and in higher numbers. Common colds and other viruses that nearly vanished during the pandemic came back, and children with respiratory viruses crowded emergency rooms in some parts of the country.

This winter, fewer people have been practicing infection control, even as the highly contagious Omicron and its subvariants (like the recent XBB.1.5) continue to circulate. Doctors believe that relaxing mitigation efforts have opened the door to non-COVID diseases, which have been behaving erratically—for instance, causing infections at odd times of the year.

Yale Medicine experts answered some common virus questions on parents’ minds.

“We're paying attention to everything,” says Thomas Murray, MD, PhD, a Yale Medicine pediatric infectious diseases specialist. He notes that many types of viruses circulate among kids in a given year, including influenza and rhinoviruses, which cause common colds and are not typically worrisome. But there are many other viruses that parents should look out for, including:

• RSV, which causes cold-like symptoms and can lead to serious complications in young children. It has landed up to 60,000 children in the hospital in pre-pandemic winters—in the season when it is most common. RSV seemed to disappear in 2020-2021, then returned off-season in the spring and summer last year. It flooded many children’s hospitals this past fall.
• Adenoviruses, which are common and usually cause mild cold- or flu-like symptoms. It's worth noting that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently has a Health Alert Notice for clinicians and a media statement for parents as it investigates a rise in cases of hepatitis of unknown origin in children; some of the cases tested positive for adenovirus.
• Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV), which causes symptoms that may include fever, runny nose, and cough. Patients usually recover on their own. However, HPIV also can cause more severe illness, such as pneumonia.
• Human parechovirus (PeV), a common virus that causes fever, rash, and respiratory infection. But a variant known as "type three" (PeV-A3) can be life-threatening to young infants. The CDC issued a health advisory in July 2022, when the virus was found circulating in multiple states, and urged pediatric health providers to monitor for the disease in newborns and babies younger than a year old who show signs of severe illness.
• Enterovirus D68, another virus that experts are monitoring, most commonly affects infants, children, and teenagers, and can pose especially serious risk for children with asthma. This virus also is suspected of causing a polio-like disorder called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Although small numbers of the virus have been reported since 1987, the CDC reported outbreaks between August and November in 2014, 2016, and 2018. Interestingly, there was no outbreak reported in 2020, the first year of the pandemic. “So again, we're always vigilant for different viruses like this,” Dr. Murray says.
• Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), a rare disease, similar to smallpox, but less severe, that has recently been spreading mostly in men who have sex with men. Pediatricians are on alert because its spread during this outbreak is so unusual. It causes such symptoms as chills and fever, and sometimes a very painful rash. “Right now, the probability that your child's rash is going to be mpox in the absence of a known exposure is pretty low,” says Dr. Murray, adding that other illnesses, like chickenpox, can cause a similar rash. Families should always notify their pediatrician about exposures to mpox or any other unusual disease, he adds.

There has been a heightened sense of unpredictability around all infectious diseases.

The timing of influenza cases in 2022 was an example of erratic viral behavior. In May, at the end of a mild pandemic flu season, cases ticked upward when they should have petered out, and the season extended into June, which is rare, Dr. Murray says.

The Yale Clinical Virology Laboratory produces weekly virus summaries that provide a small snapshot of other odd viral activity. In one week in July 2022, for example, the summary included RSV, flu, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, HMPV, rhinoviruses, PeV, and norovirus, most of which are rarely seen in the summer. These numbers reflect a phenomenon experts are monitoring around the world.

While the numbers were low—only one case of PeV that week, for instance—it is still worth noting that those types of infections occurred off-season, Dr. Murray explains.

Early last fall, Dr. Dias said that, as far as individual infections were concerned, the answer seemed to be no. “I think we're seeing potentially the same percentage of people getting admitted to the hospital, but a larger number because there are just more people getting sick right now.”

Viruses tend to spread themselves out, and it is unusual for kids to get more than one virus at a time. But some young patients admitted to Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital in 2022 were diagnosed with two or even three viruses at the same time. 

“We have seen that before, so it's not completely unusual, but it does seem to be happening more now than it did before,” Dr. Dias says. 

Yes. COVID-19 cases began to rise again toward the end of November, and in early 2023 the highly contagious Omicron subvariant XBB.1.5. was spreading rapidly throughout the country. In the Yale virology report ending the week of Jan. 1, there were 681 COVID-19 cases.

Children tend to experience mild disease with COVID-19, but prevention remains important, since a number of children have died from the disease, explains Dr. Dias. (According to the CDC, around 1,700 deaths from COVID-19 have occurred in those under 18 since 2020.) Some also develop long COVID, a condition marked by lingering symptoms that is not yet well understood, she adds.

Many respiratory infections share similar symptoms, and Dr. Murray doesn’t expect those symptoms to be different than in previous years. “They include high fevers and difficulty breathing. If there is a new rash or you are worried about your child’s breathing, you should make the pediatric provider aware,” he says, adding that some symptoms can be signs not only of viruses, but also of other bacterial infections and/or typical baby infections.

In the case of COVID-19 and flu, the CDC lists a wide range of symptoms, including cough, shortness of breath, runny or stuffy nose, fatigue, sore throat, and even loss of taste or smell (although the latter is more frequent with COVID-19). In both cases, symptoms can vary from person to person: Some children have no symptoms at all; others have cases that range from asymptomatic to mild to severe.   

While it’s not necessary to call about every symptom, some can be confusing, says Dr. Murray. “Any time a parent is concerned, it's best to call and be reassured.”

It may also be important to call the doctor if a child has a chronic medical condition, since that puts them at higher risk for severe symptoms or complications from viruses. The same goes for young babies, Dr. Murray adds.

Parents should also contact their pediatrician if a baby younger than three months old has a fever or is difficult to console. “If they’re cranky and you hold them and they settle down, that’s fine. But if you hold them and they're still absolutely irritable—and you cannot calm them down no matter what you do—that's a baby that needs to be evaluated,” he says.

If a child has respiratory symptoms, the first thing a pediatrician will do is recommend a COVID-19 test. “The symptoms for many of these diseases overlap considerably,” Dr. Murray says. “So, it can be virtually impossible for a doctor to tell the difference between COVID-19 and another virus without a test.”

If the COVID test is negative, it’s helpful to know that mild colds or viruses usually start to get better in a few days, but if symptoms get worse, the doctor might consider testing your child for the flu, which can benefit from treatment.

Testing for RSV is done mostly for surveillance purposes. But it’s also helpful in deciding whether to isolate a child from other children if they are in the hospital, or at home with a sibling who either has a chronic medical condition that puts them at risk or is a very young baby.

While each virus is different, many of the common respiratory ones respond to the same types of therapy, explains Dr. Murray. “If the COVID test is negative, most of the time parents just need to make sure that the baby or child is OK—and that their breathing is OK—and provide supportive care,” Dr. Murray says. They should make sure their children are well-hydrated, and give them over-the-counter medicines, like ibuprofen or acetaminophen, if they have a fever, he adds. “The vast majority of kids are going to do fine with that.” 

If their symptoms continue, parents need to talk to the health provider again, he adds.

“If they're above age 1, we recommend giving a teaspoon of honey, which has been shown in clinical trials to actually help with cough,” says Dr. Dias. “They usually cough the most when they're sleeping because they're lying flat, and that position disturbs the child from sleep.”

For children ages 1 and older, she also advises putting two pillows under the child’s head or raising the head of the bed so they are sleeping on an angle “so that gravity can help phlegm flow downward,” she adds.

“Vaccination is really the number one tool that we have for preventing many infectious diseases,” says Dr. Dias. When so many viruses are circulating, it can reduce confusion, she adds.

The COVID-19 vaccine followed by a bivalent booster shot decreases the risk of hospitalization and death, and children ages 6 months and older can get vaccinated anytime. For influenza, however, the CDC recommends getting the flu vaccine before the end of October, although it’s still available and recommended after that. (Some children ages 6 months through 8 years will require two doses of the flu vaccine.)

While the flu shot is not always a perfect match for the predominant strain in a given year, it’s a strong tool for preventing an infection that can be deadly in some children. Also, it can mean the difference between mild and severe illness in a child who gets sick despite getting the vaccine.

There is no vaccine yet to prevent RSV infection, but several are in development. 

If possible, Dr. Murray encourages families to schedule a wellness checkup to assess their children’s overall health and to update them on immunizations they may have missed during the pandemic, including vaccinations against measles, pertussis (whooping cough), and other diseases.

“When the vaccination levels in the population go down, these viruses do come back,” says Dr. Murray. He adds that measles, in particular, is “super contagious and kids can get quite sick from it.”

Mental health issues among kids are a major concern, says Dr. Murray. Parents should avoid piling new worries on top of any anxiety kids may already have about school. “The primary mission now is to figure out how to do things as safely as possible, because it’s important for everyone’s mental health.”

He recommends having conversations about mental health or anything kids have on their minds. “You can also take time to talk at dinner, go for an evening walk, or go for a hike on the weekends," he says. "Spend time talking to your kids about how they're doing.”

As far as the infections, Dr. Dias says most kids will do well. “Viruses have always been out there, and kids are generally resilient in fighting infections, even when they are hospitalized,” she says. “But vaccination and regular checkups with the pediatrician can provide the support needed to help your kids get better.”

Information provided in Yale Medicine articles is for general informational purposes only. No content in the articles should ever be used as a substitute for medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Always seek the individual advice of your health care provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.